Grammar Point

A useful list of Antonyms

Adjectives	Opposites
alive	dead
beautiful	ugly
big	small
bitter	sweet
cheap	expensive
clean	dirty
curly	straight
difficult	easy
good	bad
early	late
fat	thin
full	empty
hot	cold
happy	sad/unhappy
hardworking	lazy
modern	traditional
new	old
nice	nasty
intelligent	stupid
interesting/fun	boring
light	heavy
polite	rude/impolite
poor	rich
quiet	noisy
right	wrong
safe	dangerous
short	long
small	big
soft	hard
single	married
true	false
well	ill/unweel
white	black

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Some and Any

he words some and any are used for countable and uncountable nouns. In general, we could say that some means a few / a little and anymeans none in negative clauses or a few / a little in questions.

Positive Clauses

In positive clauses, we usually use some.

Example:

I have bought some bread.

I have bought some apples.

Negative Clauses

In negative clauses, we use any. Note, however, that any alone is not a negative - it must be not ... any

Example:

I have not bought any bread.

I have not bought any apples.

Questions

In questions, we usually use any.

Example:

Have you bought any bread?

Have you bought any apples?

Compound Words with some & any

Some & any can also be part of compound words such as:

• something / anything
• someone / anyone
• somewhere / anywhere

Note that some & any have to be used with a noun while compound words with some & any can stand on their own.

Example:

I have bought some bread.

I have bought something.

Some/Any

Fill in the correct word (some or any).

1. Sue went to the cinema with someany of her friends!
2. Jane doesn't have someany friends.
3. Have you got someany brothers or sisters?
4. Here is someany food for the cat.
5. I think you should put someany flowers on the table.
6. Could you check if there are someany calls on the answering machine?
7. I don't want someany presents for my birthday.
8. Did they have someany news for you?
9. I'm hungry - I'll have someany sandwiches.
10. There aren't someany apples left.

Fill in the correct word (some or any).

1. I need a hammer and someany nails.
2. He does not want someany help.
3. There are someany sheep in the garden.
4. Do you know someany famous people?
5. They often invite someany friends to their home.
6. Do you have someany idea what they are doing there?
7. Charly doesn't have someany pets.
8. My little brother already knows someany words in English.
9. My mum doesn't speak someany foreign languages.
10. I've got someany sweets for you.

someone / anyone

Fill in the correct word (someone or anyone).

1. I know someoneanyone who is 100 years old.
2. There is someoneanyone at the door.
3. Did someoneanyone call?
4. There wasn't someoneanyone at home.
5. I think there is someoneanyone in the bushes.
6. I won't tell someoneanyone about your secret.
7. I didn't know the way, so I had to ask someoneanyone.
8. Has someoneanyone seen my keys?
9. I would not give my bike to someoneanyone.
10. This jacket does not belong to someoneanyone of us.

something / anything

Fill in the correct word (something or anything).

1. Is there somethinganything I could do for you?
2. There is somethinganything in your hair.
3. He said somethinganything stupid.
4. Did you buy somethinganything?
5. There isn't somethinganything in the fridge.
6. Do you know somethinganything about Ireland?
7. I couldn't see somethinganything in the dark.
8. Bob asked her somethinganything.
9. I haven't heard somethinganything of Sue for ages.
10. Has somethinganything happened while I was away?

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Verb Tense Review and Exercises

Here is a helpful table with the tenses, a quick explanation and some helpful words/phrases associated with each of them.

	Past	Present	Future
Simple	An action that ended at a point in the past.	An action that exists , is usual, or is repeated.	A plan for future action.
	cooked	cook / cooks	will cook
(time clue)*	e.g. He cooked yesterday.	e.g. He cooks dinner every Friday.	e.g. He will cook tomorrow.
Progressive be + main verb +ing	An action was happening (past progressive) when another action happened (simple past).	An action that is happening now.	An action that will be happening over time, in the future, when something else happens.
	was / were cooking	am / is / are cooking	will be cooking
(time clue)*	e.g. He was cooking when the phone rang.	e.g. He is cooking now.	e.g. He will be cooking when you come.
Perfect have + main verb	An action that ended before another action or time in the past.	An action that happened at an unspecified time in the past.	An action that will end before another action or time in the future.
	had cooked	has / have cooked	will have cooked
(time clue)*	e.g. He had cooked the dinner when the phone rang.	e.g. He has cooked many meals.	e.g. He will have cooked dinner by the time you come.
Perfect Progressive have + be + main verb + ing	An action that happened over time, in the past, before another time or action in the past.	An action occurring over time that started in the past and continues into the present.	An action occurring over time, in the future, before another action or time in the future.
	had been cooking	has / have been cooking	will have been cooking
(time clue)*	e.g. He had been cooking for a long time before he took lessons.	e.g. He has been cooking for over an hour.	e.g. He will have been cooking all day by the time she gets home.

*Time clues: these are words that give some information about when an action occurs. Some examples are:

yesterday every day tomorrow while now

simple past simple present simple future past progressive present progressive

.

There are many words that are time clues; some can be used to indicate a number of tenses, for instance that something happened in the past or that it will happen in the future. If you learn to recognize these time clues, you will find them very helpful. Note that some time clues can be used with more than one verb tense and also that this table is not a complete listing of all the time clues that can be used with all of the tenses

CHART—TIME CLUES AND VERB TENSE

	Past	Present	Future
Simple	Simple Past	Simple Present	Simple Future
	yesterday last year/ month/ etc. before for five weeks/days/etc. one year/ month ago	every morning / day / etc. always usually frequently sometimes	tomorrow tonight next week/month/etc. soon in the future
Progressive	Past Progressive	Present Progressive	Future progressive
	while when	now right now this week/minute/etc.	when after as soon as before
Perfect	Past Perfect	Present Perfect	Future Perfect
	before already by the time until then/last week/etc. after	until now since ever never many times/ weeks/years/etc. for three hours/ minutes/etc/	by the time you go (somewhere) by the time you do (something) already
Perfect Progressive	Past Perfect progressive	Present Perfect Progressive	Future Perfect Progressive
	before for one week/hour/etc. since	for the past year/ month/ etc. for the last 2 months/ weeks/etc. up to now for 6 weeks/hours/etc. since	by the time for ten days/weeks/etc. by

B. Exercises:

             Simple Present / Present Continuous

Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate tenses

1. Every Monday, Sally (drive)  her kids to football practice.

2. Usually, I (work)  as a secretary at ABT, but this summer I (study)  French at a language school in Paris. That is why I am in Paris.

3. Shhhhh! Be quiet! John (sleep) .

4. Don't forget to take your umbrella. It (rain) .

5. I hate living in Seattle because it (rain, always) .

6. I'm sorry I can't hear what you (say)  because everybody (talk)  so loudly.

7. Justin (write, currently)  a book about his adventures in Tibet. I hope he can find a good publisher when he is finished.

8. Jim: Do you want to come over for dinner tonight?
Denise: Oh, I'm sorry, I can't. I (go)  to a movie tonight with some friends.

9. The business cards (be, normally )  printed by a company in New York. Their prices (be)  inexpensive, yet the quality of their work is quite good.

10. This delicious chocolate (be)  made by a small chocolatier in Zurich, Switzerland.

A) Fill in the correct verb forms: Simple Present or Present Continuous.

1) I amare beis  from New Zealand.

2) I amare beis  preparing dinner.

3) Our friend sometimes gogoes to the supermarket.

4) The baby am are beis crying.

5) We am arebeis  drawing a picture.

6) Andy am areis washing his pullover.

7) DoDoes they walk to school?

8) Pat drivedrives a school bus.

9) Sandy often forgetforgets her homework.

10) Anne and Tom am arebeis  feeding the cows.

Simple Past or Past Progressive

Choose the correct verb forms. Use Simple Past or the Past Progressive. 1) We    sat was sitting were sitting  at the breakfast table when the doorbell    rang was ringing were ringing  . 2) He    met was meeting were meeting  a lot of friendly people while he    worked was working were working  in California. 3) When they    left was leaving were leaving  the museum, the sun    shone was shining were shining  . 4) The students    played was playing were playing  cards when the teacher    came was coming were coming  in. 5) While the children    slept was sleeping were sleeping  , their parents    watched was watching were watching  TV. 6) It    started was starting were starting  to rain while she    watered was watering were watering  the flowers in her garden. 7) When I    opened was opening were opening  the door, it    rained was raining were raining  . 8) While Henry    had was having were having  a drink at the bar, his wife    swam was swimming were swimming  in the sea. 9) He    heard was hearing were hearing  a loud bang while he    talked was talking were talking  to his friend. 10) While he    took was taking were taking  a shower, his dogs    ate was eating were eating  his steaks.

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Find the opposite of the following list of adjectives and use them in a sentence:

1. expensive
2. far
3. hard
4. beautiful
5. poor
6. heavy
7. single
8. safe
9. light
10. clean

Appearance Adjectives adorable beautiful clean elegant fancy glamorous handsome long magnificent old-fashioned plain quaint sparkling ugly cute	Color Adjectives red orange yellow green blue purple gray black white	Condition Adjectives alive better careful clever dead easy famous gifted helpful important inexpensive mushy odd powerful rich shy tender uninterested vast wrong	Feelings (Bad) Adjectives angry bewildered/perplexed clumsy defeated embarrassed grumpy helpless itchy jealous lazy mysterious nervous obnoxious panicky repulsive scary uptight worried
Feelings (Good) Adjectives agreeable brave calm delightful eager faithful gentle happy jolly kind lively nice obedient proud relieved silly thankful victorious witty	Shape Adjectives broad chubby crooked curved deep flat high hollow low narrow round shallow skinny square steep straight wide	Size Adjectives big colossal fat gigantic great huge immense large little mammoth massive miniature scrawny short small tall tiny	Sound Adjectives deafening faint hissing loud melodic noisy quiet raspy screeching whispering
Time Adjectives ancient brief early fast late long modern old old-fashioned quick rapid short slow young	Taste/Touch Adjectives bitter delicious fresh greasy juicy hot icy loose melted nutritious rotten salty sticky strong sweet tart tasteless uneven weak wet wooden yummy	Touch Adjectives boiling breeze broken bumpy chilly cold cool crooked cuddly curly damaged damp dirty dry dusty filthy flaky fluffy freezing hot warm wet	Quantity Adjectives abundant empty few full heavy light many numerous sparse substantial a lot a little